If one climbs to the top of the Palatine Hill, walks clear over to the other side and peers into a shaded space next to the Domus Augustus, you'll behold some rings of stone--the remains of primitive huts dating from the 9th-7th centuries BC. This encompasses the time of the founding of Rome in 750 BC. Tradition holds that the first leader and king of Rome was Romulus. This would have been the Romulus who, along with his brother Remus, was suckled by a she-wolf. Historians continue to wait patiently for more proof to surface, showing that Romulus and Remus truly lived. However, Rome's Regal Period of kings lasted from from that archaic period until 509 BC.

That's when the Republican Age began, in which an elected Senate was responsible for law-making, defense of the city, and how the overall economic state should be handled. It was a time of immense growth for Rome and ushered in an expansion that made Rome the most powerful force in Italia, and eventually, in the Mediterranean. By the time the start of the 1st century BC rolled around, parts of Italia had managed to stay independent of Rome, but demanded the right to Roman citizenship and the right to vote, since the Romans pretty much lorded over them. They considered themselves "socii"-- Rome's allies. However, to the Romans, they were merely pesky fleas. The Romans attacked their allies, wanted to preserve their citizenship and right of voting for Romans, exclusively. If one considers that the "socii" were fellow Italians, then this marked the beginning of what would wind up being a period of almost one-hundred years of civil conflict. And what's interesting is, that the Romans both won and lost. They destroyed the final remnants of other Italian tribes, but in so doing, unified Italia and wound up granting all of these "non-Romans" the citizenship rights they wanted in the first place! 

The Social Wars, as they were called lasted from 91-87 BC. By this time, the Republic, which had dominated for nearly five-hundred years, was showing cracks. Several powerful generals, like Marius and Sulla were immensely successful in bringing new lands and peoples into Rome's dominion. However, the Senate began to fear their power. By the time of Julius Caesar's rise and Marcus Antonius's birth, political tensions both within Rome's city-state and outside in its provinces were growing like a cancer. Politicians like Cicero and Cato were struggling to keep their Republic afloat, as their power was being eaten away, bit by bit. Conspiracies abounded and elections were manipulated, generals would appoint their own staff, and senators' ranks were passed down from generation to generation, creating as much of a schism between wealthy nobles and plebs as there had been during the monarchy.

My main character, Antonius, was born into the bloody dictatorship of Sulla, and never had opportunity to see Rome truly operating as a "Republic". Instead, he grew up in this turbulent period of the generals mentioned before, who were beginning to be feared because of their great power. And if that wasn't enough, radical politicians were using force and mob presence to control the Senate and populace. 

In short, it was one hot mess!

The period following Marius's and Sulla's regimes has been titled as the "Imperatorial Period". Imperators were powerful generals--Marius, Sulla, Pompeius, Caesar, and Antonius. This is the atmosphere in which my next book, Antonius: Second in Command begins.

Interestingly enough, the Latin term "imperator" is also where we get the word "emperor". That alone should give my readers a heads-up about what lies in store for my characters in the trilogy. Read on!

Rome's famous statue, known as the Capitoline Wolf has always held significance, due to its depiction of Romulus and Remus. However, radio-carbon dating has shown that it wasn't of ancient design at all, but instead dates from the 11th or 12th centuries. The two suckling infants were added later. 

Back on March 15, I became a published author. Never in my life have I been as excited, proud, thrilled, and terrified--all at once. It was exciting to see the whole project materialize before my eyes. The night I downloaded my own E-book onto my Kindle, I cried. My cover literally glittered, shimmering like a sunset. It was impossible NOT to feel pride, since I'd worked on this project for fourteen years. For a week, I walked on a cloud, never feeling as thrilled as I did when I logged in to Amazon to see my sales reports. And, it was terrifying, too. How were readers going to receive Antonius: Son of Rome? Would I get any 5-star reviews or would it simply be a mediocrity among millions of books on Amazon? 

I'm pleased to say that I've been holding my own in ratings, sometimes making it into the Top 50 Ancient History Fiction Books on Amazon. On my Amazon site (so far--and I'm knocking on wood here) I've gotten all four and five star reviews, which is a relief and a joy. Granted, the rating game changes literally every SECOND, so if one does make it into the Top 50 whatever, that doesn't always last for long. In early July, I actually made it into TWO Top 50 categories at once, which was awesome!

However, none of this can be done without my readers. Any of you who have been kind enough or interested enough to read my work, have been the biggest support an author could have. That being said, the biggest THANK YOU anybody can give any author is to write a review. Why? Literally, an author's success DEPENDS on their number of positive reviews on Amazon. Yeah, that's just how huge and influential Amazon is. That's just how MUCH they pull the strings on the publishing game. 

So, what's coming? My second book will be launching in either October or November, 2019!!! It will pretty much pick up right where Antonius: Son of Rome left off. There will be new adventures, perils, and intrigues in which Marcus will be the central figure as he assumes his place in the Roman political roller-coaster. To prepare everyone for the big reveal of my cover, story, and plot, I will be using my weekly blogs to showcase different places, people, and cultural information which will be a part of my upcoming book, Antonius: Second in Command.

I hope everyone's going to stick around for the ride! 

    Brook Allen in front of the Rostra in the Forum Romanum, where a pivotal scene in her next novel takes place.

Over the past three weeks, I've really seen a lot of country--Rome, Florence, Venice, Dubrovnik, Athens... But just like the saying goes, "all roads lead to Rome". It's still my favorite European city.

On my second day there, I had the opportunity to get lost.

Getting lost in Rome is one of my favorite ways to see the city. I simply take water, my camera, wear comfy shoes, and I'm out the door. This particular day, I walked by the Tiber River, passing the many bridges. Each is special in its own way, but my personal favorite is the Pons Fabricius (Fabricius's Bridge). It was built in 62 BC, by Lucius Fabricius and it's the oldest bridge in Rome. It was so well-built that it's been in continuous use since antiquity. I love it and smile whenever I see it, because I know all of my characters used it from time to time.

                                                     Rome's oldest bridge connects the city to Tiber Island.

From the Pons Fabricius, I made my way to the Theater of Marcellus. Julius Caesar broke ground on this project, but the Ides of March arrived before it was ever completed in 12 BC, during the age of Augustus. It's a small theater and was used for musical concerts and poetry readings. Nowadays, the old theater is quite a curiosity, since after it fell into disuse, it accommodated an apartment complex!

​Lastly, I made my way to the Forum Boarium area, which in ancient times was the cattle market. It was also the site for two old Republican temples: the Temples of Hercules and Portunus. The latter was dedicated to the god of keys, doors, and livestock. It would certainly explain its location. But I'm always amused at the sorts of gods the Romans worshiped. The god of KEYS???? Regardless of which deity it was built to revere, it's one of the ancient world's most complete and well-preserved temples.

Each time I visit Rome, I purposefully get lost. And amazingly, I always FIND something special in my wanderings. Whether it's in a foreign land or your local library, I encourage my readers and fellow writers to allow yourself the joy and intrigue of GETTING LOST in the place of your choice. 

In the heart of the Forum Romanum is a small shrine-like building that is only half standing. Originally, it was circular. Beyond, is a lovely complex and the shrine, along with the beautiful grounds was occupied by the Vestal Virgins.

I think of Vestals as ancient Roman nuns. Priestesses were girls selected from noble households. They usually entered service between ages 6-10 years. Their tenure to the cult lasted for thirty years, after which they were allotted a generous pension and allowed to marry. Usually, there was no problem in finding husbands for retired Vestals, since the pension was so attractive! And marriage to a former Vestal Virgin was considered to be extremely good luck and quite an honor.

Though they were burdened with a vow of chastity, Vestals were given honors that many women looked upon with envy. They received special seating at public games (ludi), they were always conveyed in a wagon of honor wherever they went, and preceded by a lictor. Apparently, the mere touch from a Vestal would legally release and free a prisoner or slave. Vestals were considered inviolate and were trusted without question in courts of law. Whatever they said was considered truth. Important to my books on Marc Antony, they also kept the wills of important men within their complex, safe and sound. Historians tell us that both Caesar's and Antony's wills were kept under the Vestals' protection. It's difficult for us to know how "secure" those wills were.

There are accounts of Vestal Virgins whose chastity was questioned and a few cases in which they were sentenced to death. A particular priestess during the reign of Domitian, named Cornelia, was found guilty, taken by cart, and was forced to climb down a ladder into a hole. The hole was sealed and she was "buried alive", left to die by suffocation, thirst, or starvation, whichever came first.

A Vestal Virgin's most important task was to keep the flame of Vesta lit at all times. One of the priestesses would be guarding constantly, and failure to keep a vigilant watch resulted in scourging. Ouch! Romans believed that if the flame was extinguished, Rome could fall. 

When visiting Rome, be sure to take a stroll through the Vestal complex. In it are lovely statues of previous priestesses and each is unique and lovely. One can also view remains of the dormitory used for these women, considered to be both privileged and holy.

'(Above left)Remains of the Temple of Vesta today. (At right) An artist's representation of Vestal Virgins tending to the sacred hearth of Vesta.

Everyone has heard of gladiatorial combats. The Romans loved their public games--ludi, and each one contained elements of danger. 

One of the riskiest occupations one could hold in the ancient entertainment industry HAD to be that of charioteers. The odd thing about chariots is that they were never used in ancient Roman warfare, as they were in ancient Egypt or Britain. The only real use they had besides racing was during triumphs. Roman generals used chariots in their victory parades. Still, there is something captivating about the speed, nerve, and excitement that chariot racing conveyed. Thanks to classic films like Ben Hur, "Holly-Rome" has at least given us a taste of what real chariot races must have been like. 

Hippodromes were enormous racetracks that dwarf Churchill Downs. But if you go to Rome today and visit the remains of the Circus Maximus, the original chariot racing venue, you might be disappointed. Not much remains. However, if one uses their imagination, it's easy to visualize the roar of thousands of voices, the whinnies of nervous horses, and noisy tubicines--military trumpets, calling the charioteers to the starting gate.

Julius Caesar began a long string of building projects that future Roman emperors continued throughout the empire's history. He built a temple to Venus, a new Forum, and began an amphitheater, later completed by his nephew, Marcellus. But he also began adding more seating to the Circus Maximus. By the time of Caesar's assassination, the place could hold about 150,000 people. As time passed, future emperors improved the hippodrome by replacing the wooden stands more frequently. During the reign of Diocletian, a horrific tragedy occurred when an entire section of stands collapsed, killing over 13,000 people.

The track itself was over 2000 ft. long and nearly 400 ft. wide. In the middle was the spina which probably housed the tower of dolphins that were tipped down for every lap a chariot completed. Chariot racing in the Circus Maximus must have been a true spectacle that would have awed modern audiences as it did ancient ones. LET THE GAMES BEGIN!

Above is a photo of what the Circus Maximus looks like today. On the right is an artist's detailed and probably fairly accurate rendering of what it must have looked like "back in the day".

Here in America, we take great pride in our interstate system. I-81 runs close to my home  As much as we pride ourselves on our highways, there are always bad stretches where potholes abound. I question whether our modern, machine-built roadways will survive for 200 years, much less 2000!

Everybody knows that the ancient Romans were phenomenal builders. But did you know that they built the world's first super-highway system? The Via Appia, of which a pristine portion remains outside of Rome today, was built over 2000 years ago between 312-264 BC. Now considering that it stretches all the way from Rome to Brindisi (ancient Brundisium), that means it only took the Romans less than 50 years to construct it. And it was all done by hand by slaves and Roman legionaries--soldiers in the service of Rome. The stones of which the Via Appia are comprised are large, unwieldy things that took serious sweat and muscle to haul and place. The road is a marvel.

But the ancient Roman superhighways were MORE than just the Via Appia. In Italy alone, the Roman chain of roads was like a vascular system literally all over the peninsula. When I visited Greece, I saw the incredible achievement in Roman road-building with my very eyes. I took photos of myself on the Via Egnatia, the road that bisects Greece, straight through the middle. In one picture, I'm standing on the Via Egnatia in the ruins of ancient Nikopolis in western Greece. In another, I'm on the same road, but hundreds of miles away in Philippi! Setting foot on the same road in two places so far removed from each other really emphasized to me what the Romans accomplished in their engineering.

Recently, someone asked me in jest "what did the Romans ever really DO for us?" Well, here's at least one answer. They handed down the technology of their highway system and gave future generations the insight to build roadways that helped generate economies, make travel easier, and link cities. 

Two weeks ago, I shared about several beautiful spaces inside Roman homes. However, only about 2% of the population in Rome got to live in such splendor. Most people lived in squalor in high-risk areas that were often fire hazards. The Roman plebs (common people) mostly lived in insulae, which were huge apartment buildings that could be five stories high or more.

In the late Republic, a minor character from Son of Rome, Marcus Licinius Crassus, owned quite a few of these high-rise rental properties in Rome. However, had he lived today, Crassus would have had plenty of complaints on the BBB website. Cicero insinuated that Crassus liked it whenever one of these buildings would collapse or burn, since newer insulae could bring in higher rents.

Most insulae weren't even "condos made of stone-uh" as Steve Martin sang about, but were flimsily built of wood, stucco, mud brick, or later, cheap concrete. Street-level stories contained shops and shopkeepers who owned these businesses typically lived right above their workplaces. Third stories and above were reserved for the poorest families, with the smallest apartment rooms on the very top stories. Keep in mind that none of these apartments were well-ventilated and those in upper stories may not have even had actual doors. There have been insulae discovered that were plumbed, but again--it was doubtful that the poorest plebs in the upper stories ever benefited from these amenities. 

Some of the first building regulations were placed on insulae in the early Empire, under Augustus. Then, after the Great Fire of Rome during Nero's rule, he forbade insulae higher than sixty feet. Still, the quality of insulae up through the 1st century AD was questionable. In the late Republic, collapses and fires were common. And this was before any organized police or fire brigades existed in Rome. Most of the best examples of insulae that have survived to the present were built in the 3rd cent. AD or later and are of fired brick. Because of the flimsy nature of insulae during the late Republic and early Empire, it's really no wonder that none of these structures from those periods have survived. ​

Interestingly enough, the Latin term insula meant "island", but the word had a second definition: city block. 

​

Since returning from a phenomenal weekend at the Historical Novel Society's bi-annual conference, I wanted to blog on a particular subject that has become near and dear to my heart. 

Find your tribe.

It doesn't matter what your occupation might be. It doesn't matter your interest. The importance of finding and mingling among like-minded people is tantamount to your advancement. In his book on life-empowerment, Alaric Hutchinson writes, "On the road to success, there is always room to share appreciation and gratitude for other people’s successes." (from: Living Peace: Essential Teachings for Enriching Life).

Perhaps it's different for other occupations, and I won't attempt to presume to know. But among writers, it is simply NECESSARY to have an open, honest camaraderie. We need people to read our work--preferably other writers. There are times when we may need a blurb or review to help us along, driving our work forward into the limelight. Upon other occasions, merely conversing, sharing, and crying on one another's shoulders is a healthy release amid the stress of deadlines, edits, and the process of publication.

For me, the Historical Novel Society has introduced me to a wealth of people who are varying degrees of--ME! We share dreams, successes, and if there's a failure, we commiserate with one another. This week, I had several precious, memorable days with my other "selves," laughing, discussing our work, and celebrating craft. For me, I was able to revel in just BEING an author--accepting praise for my work, selling it, signing, it, and (hopefully) inspiring writers who haven't reached that point quite yet but are striving to do so.

This past March, shortly after the launch of Son of Rome, I beta-read a book for a friend who was in the process of seeking representation for her work. I found myself looking FORWARD to returning home from work to get back to her novel, and I was totally immersed in it. After finishing the read, I thought, "Wow. This really might be her ticket. She may win an agent with this one."

Well, this week she did. After receiving not one or two, but FIVE offers from highly respected agents, my friend Sarah made the choice that was the "right fit" for her. I was ECSTATIC! Somebody I KNEW, who had read MY WORK, was getting the chance of a lifetime. And I had grown enough myself to have RECOGNIZED the spark in her work that made it happen. And how did all this transpire for both me and for her? 

​Friends, we had found our tribe. Now, go out there and find YOURS.

If you've ever visited anyplace in Europe, you know that people there often eat dinner later than most Americans. And they take their sweet time in doing so. Whenever I visit Rome, my traveling party usually opens the restaurant and we're usually finished before other clients start arriving. My gut feeling was that the ancient Romans made dinner their social hour, just  the way modern Europeans do today.

And it all happened inside triclinia.

A triclinium was a dining space. In wealthy homes, triclinia were some of the most magnificent domestic areas. It was here that intricate mosaics were placed on the floor. Sometimes they actually designated the areas where couches and pieces of furniture were to be placed. Many artists would create mosaics for the floor that were pictures of food or even food scraps, as though they'd fallen off the table! Wall paintings were also central as decoration. Perhaps the most splendid Roman wall-paintings ever discovered are from the Villa of the Mysteries in Pompeii. Featured in traditional "Pompeian red" hues, the series of paintings depict what might be an initiate undergoing the Dionysian mysteries. 

A typical triclinium held a trio of couches. With three guests per couch, it was considered good taste to offer between three and nine invitations. The invitations themselves could be verbal--extended at the baths, the Curia, or even at public latrines! For formal dining or when inviting an honored guest, written invitations were used. The late 1st century writer Plutarch explains, “A guest comes to share not only meat, wine, and dessert, but conversation, fun, and the amiability that leads to friendship.” In Roman times, many a dinner party was used to seal marriage contracts, weddings, end funerary rites, or celebrate a son's coming of age. In Son of Rome, Marcus's toga ceremony culminates with a large banquet. In this scene, the family rents extra dining couches to accommodate more guests. Wealthy homes might have both an indoor and outdoor triclinium--one used in winter and the other during the warm summer months.

I've always thought that reclining while eating would be fun! Especially at Thanksgiving, when everyone is so full afterward, it's easier to lie around than sit in a chair! During the height of the Republican Period, Roman women always dined in chairs. It wasn't until around the time of the 1st century BC that men and women began reclining together during meals. 

So--is anybody HUNGRY? 

This is inside a real Roman triclinium. Recently cleaned and restored, the vibrant colors in the panels of these wall-paintings were created in the 1st century BC!!! Layers of ash and pumice from Mt. Vesuvius preserved them. They decorate the triclinium in Pompeii's Villa of the Mysteries. Scholars still argue as to what is depicted here. Some say it's an initiation into the Dionysian Mysteries. Others claim it's a bride preparing for her wedding. Note the tiles on the floor in an argyle pattern. Scholars believe they may have indicated the layout where couches were to be placed.

Much of the action and storyline of Antonius: Son of Rome takes place in the domus (home) of Marc Antony and his family. In the next few blogs, I'm going to talk about and share pictures of the personal living space within a Roman home. And I might add, wealthy Romans had BEAUTIFUL homes! Okay, so where did the plebians live? Keep reading my blogs and in a few weeks, we'll talk about just that. 

​But for now, let's tackle a typical domus of the rich and famous!

Members of the noble classes, such as Antony's family, lived in splendid houses, often atop the Palatine Hill. A typical domus would have several traditional living spaces, which have been documented by archaeologists studying the floor-plans of both Rome and Pompeii, as well as other locations. There were definitely trends in layouts and overall design. 

Because upper-class Roman families were so much in the public eye, their personal space was often bordered by tall, windowless walls, allowing for privacy--their own little haven of peace. That being said, certain rooms were still designated to promote the family's influence, wealth, and power.

This week, let's talk about the atrium. First of all, I have an atrium in my house! It's the entryway--the first room a guest sees when visiting. Roman atria were designed to be striking, since they wanted their guests and clients to be more than impressed when first coming into their homes. Often a lararium (shrine) to household deities would be built into one of the four walls. In some Roman houses, another room, the tablinum (office space) would provide the paterfamilias with a place to have meetings or work privately. Once you set foot into the atrium, you'd have a feeling of open space, for a large, square or rectangular opening in the roof allowed rainwater to collect in a basin or pool beneath it. The opening above was called the compluvium and the pool was the impluvium. A Roman atrium was beautifully decorated, sometimes with statuary, family busts, or wall-paintings and mosaics. There would be benches and chairs, inviting guests and clients to be comfortable while awaiting the family members to welcome them.

I'm including several photos I've taken in my research, of actual atria, so readers can get a general idea of what they looked like inside. These are actual samples from ancient homes and are not recreations, so get ready to use your imagination a bit!